Modern Indian History Series in Telugu

Mix Proportioning using IS code

Mix proportioning is the process of determining the quantities of materials needed to produce concrete with the desired properties. The Indian Standard Code for mix proportioning is IS 10262:2009. Here are the steps to follow for mix proportioning using IS code: Determine the target mean strength of concrete (fck): This is the strength that is required for the concrete to perform its intended function. It is usually specified in the project specifications or can be determined based on the intended use and the requirements of the structure. Determine the water-cement ratio (w/c): The w/c ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in the concrete mix. The maximum w/c ratio specified in IS code is 0.50. Determine the cement content: The cement content is determined based on the target mean strength and the w/c ratio. The formula to calculate the cement content is: Cement content = (fck + 1.65 x standard deviation) x (1/w/c) x 1000 Where fck is the target m...

Properties of fresh and hardened Concrete

Fresh concrete refers to concrete that has just been mixed and is still in a plastic or workable state. Hardened concrete refers to concrete that has undergone the curing process and has reached its final strength and durability. Here are some properties of fresh and hardened concrete: Properties of fresh concrete: Workability: This refers to the ease with which concrete can be placed, compacted, and finished. It depends on the water-cement ratio, the amount of cement and aggregate, and the use of admixtures. Bleeding: This is the process in which water is separated from the other components of the concrete mixture and rises to the surface. Bleeding can affect the durability and strength of the hardened concrete. Setting time: This is the time it takes for the concrete to harden and become firm. It depends on the type of cement used, the water-cement ratio, and the temperature and humidity conditions. Segregation: This is the separation of the coarse and fine aggregates in the con...

Methods of Quarrying

Quarrying is the process of extracting natural stones from the earth's surface. There are several methods of quarrying that are used in the stone industry, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common methods of quarrying: Digging method: This is the simplest method of quarrying and involves digging a large pit or hole in the ground to extract the stone. This method is most commonly used for softer stones like sandstone and limestone. Drilling and blasting method: This method involves drilling a series of holes in the rock face and then inserting explosives into the holes. The explosives are then detonated, which breaks the rock into smaller pieces that can be extracted. This method is most commonly used for harder stones like granite, marble, and basalt. Wire sawing method: This method involves using a diamond wire saw to cut through the rock. The wire is fed through a series of pulleys and powered by a motor, which allows it to cut through the sto...

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