Steps Towards Success

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Geotechnical Engineering / Foundation Design 1) Introduction: 1. Shallow foundation: Df / B ≤ 1. Df = depth of foundation below ground level. B = width of foundation. 2. Deep foundations: Df / B ≥1. 2) Engineering properties of the soil: 1. Volume of voids: Vv = Vw + Va. Vw = volume of water. Va = volume of air. 2. Total volume of soil mass: V = Vv + Vs. Vs = volume of soil solids. 3. Weight of soil mass: W = Ws + Ww. Ws = weight of soil solids. Ww = weight of water. 4. Void ratio: e = Vv / Vs = n / (1-n). 5. Porosity: n = Vv / V = e / (1+e). 6. Water content: w = Ww / Ws. 7. Degree of saturation: S = Vw / Vv. 8. Bulk unit weight: γt = bulk / total unit weight = W / V = [(G +Se) / (1+e)] γw = [G(1 +w) / (1+e)] γw = [( 1 + w) / (1+e)] γs . G = specific gravity of soil solids. γw = unit weight of water. 9. Unit weight of soil solids: γs = Ws / Vs. 10. Unit weight of water: γw = Ww / Vw. 10. Se = wG. 11. Saturated unit weight: γsat =

Irrigation and Water Resource 1) Hydrology: 1. Coefficient of variation: Cv = (100 * standard deviation)/mean. 2. Average echo power: Pr = (CZ)/r2. 3. Radar echo factor: Z = aIb. 4. Intensity of rainfall: I = [r2Pr / (aC]1/b. 5. Average depth of precipitation over an area: Arithmetic Mean Method: Theissen Polygon Method: Isohyetal Method: Average depth of rainfall = (1/A) ∑ [Area between two adjacent isohyets] * [mean of the two adjacent isohyet values]. 6. Optimal number of rain gauge stations: N = (Cv/ε)2. 7. Standard deviation: 8. Missing annual precipitation: Px= (1/M) (P1 + P2 +-------+ Pm). 9. Correction for precipitation values at station x and beyond the period of change: Pcx= Px( Sc/ Sa. 10. Average cumulative depth of rainfall: 11. Actual rate of infiltration at any time: f = fc when, i ≥ fc. f = i when, i < fc. 12. Runoff by Barlow: R = Kb P. 13. Runoff by Strange: R = Ks P. 14. Runoff by Inglis and De Souza for Wes